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Robotic materials
Robotic materials are composite materials that combine sensing, actuation, computation, and communication in a repeatable or amorphous pattern.〔(M. A. McEvoy and N.Correll. Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication, ''Science'' Vol. 347 no. 6228 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261689 )〕 Robotic materials can be considered ''computational metamaterials'' in that they extend the original definition of a metamaterial〔R. M. Walser, Electromagnetic metamaterials. Proc. SPIE 4467, Complex Mediums II: Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics (San Diego, CA, 2001), pp. 1–15 (2001).〕 as "macroscopic composites having a man-made, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation" by being fully programmable. That is, unlike in a conventional metamaterial, the relationship between a specific excitation and response is governed by sensing, actuation, and a computer program that implements the desired logic.
==History==
The idea of creating materials that embed computation is closely related to the concept of programmable matter, a term coined in 1991〔T. Toffoli, N. Margolus, Programmable matter: Concepts and realization. Physica D 47, 263–272 (1991). 10.1016/0167-2789(91)90296〕 by Toffoli and Margolus, describing dense arrays of computing elements that could solve complex finite-element like simulations of material systems, and then later developed to describe a class of materials consisting of identical, mobile building blocks, also known as catoms that are fully reconfigurable, therefore allowing materials to arbitrary change their physical properties.
Robotic materials build up on the original concept of programmable matter,〔 but focus on the structural properties of the embedding polymers without claim of universal property changes. Here the term "robotic" refers to the confluence of sensing, actuation, and computation.〔
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